BA (Hons)
Geography

Key Information


Campus

Brayford Pool

Typical Offer

See More

Duration

3 years

UCAS Code

L700

Academic Year

Course Overview

From climate change to health inequalities, and from food security to natural hazards and disasters, geography is at the heart of many of humanity's greatest challenges. At Lincoln, we believe that meeting these challenges requires a focus on the unity of geography to understand the links between humanity and the environments we inhabit - a theme that runs through our teaching and research.

The BA (Hons) Geography Degree at Lincoln explores social science perspectives on issues of globalisation, sustainability, geo-politics, and cultural change, ranging from the local to the global scale. It encourages students to develop the analytical, critical, and collaborative skills needed to work across broad interdisciplinary issues. This course is designed to develop subject understanding and geographical skills progressively in the context of real-world problems, enabling students to apply their learning to contemporary global challenges, delivering a degree that is relevant to the global, environmental, and societal challenges of the 21st century.

A belief in the importance of interdisciplinary knowledge to address major issues is at the heart of our approach. Our academics are experienced collaborative researchers investigating key and emerging issues in global development across the spectrum of human geography and related disciplines. As part of our 'Student as Producer' initiative students can engage in research and project work that builds on the expertise of staff with undergraduates and academics to collaborating on research activities.

Why Choose Lincoln

Accredited by the Royal Geographical Society (with IBG)

Subject area ranked top 20 overall in the UK*

Informed by world-leading research

Placement opportunities with leading public and private sector organisations

Opportunities to undertake field work in the UK and abroad

Links with local industry and environmental regulatory agencies

*Guardian University Guide 2024 (out of 66 ranking institutions)

A student listening during a seminar

How You Study

At Lincoln we believe in the 'Student as Producer' ethos, which encourages a collaborative approach between academics and undergraduates in all aspects of learning. Many of our Department of Geography academics are highly experienced researchers and lecturers investigating key issues in development and change across the spectrum of human, environmental, and physical geography.

In the first year, BA and BSc Geography students follow the same curriculum. This introduces the key concepts and skills required for a 21st Century geographer, creating an interdisciplinary foundation upon which they can build.

In the second- and third-years, students may have the opportunity to study a range of exciting topics including development studies, health geography, rural societies, and environmental management, alongside elements of physical geography within the context of a broad interdisciplinary approach.

Our modules enable students to develop skills in research, fieldwork, modelling, and data analysis. Our students may have opportunities to practice and refine their skills through projects, fieldwork in both domestic and overseas locations, and work placement activities.
For mandatory trips in the first and second years, travel and accommodation costs are covered by the Department. Students choosing to participate in optional third year field trips will be responsible for covering their travel and the Department will cover the accommodation and general living costs.

During the degree students will be taught in many different formats, including lectures, seminars, small group tutorials, practical teaching of data collection and analytical techniques through field classes, as well as group project work under close supervision.

Modules


† Some courses may offer optional modules. The availability of optional modules may vary from year to year and will be subject to minimum student numbers being achieved. This means that the availability of specific optional modules cannot be guaranteed. Optional module selection may also be affected by staff availability.

Earth Observation & GIS 2025-26GEO1006MLevel 42025-26The aim of this module is to teach students the fundamental theory and practical applications of Earth observation (remote sensing) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Geospatial technologies (involving remote sensing and GIS) have changed the way businesses and policymakers solve problems and the way scientists understand Earth system processes and hazards. These technologies are routinely used by people in their work and their daily life (e.g. via Google Earth). This module aims to introduce students to some of the important sources of geospatial data and the technologies underpinning them, and will highlight ways in which they are used both within geographical science and more widely. In addition students can gain hands-on, skills-based experience in processing and analysing data using GIS and Remote Sensing software. These are vital tools that will enable students to more rigorously assess the safety and health of the inhabited Earth.CoreGeographical Knowledge: Creation to Application 2025-26GEO1009Level 42025-26The aim of this module is to introduce students to how geographical knowledge is created, developed, communicated, and applied to students' careers, and to local and global challenges. Students will engage with a series of weekly sessions that focus on key skills and knowledge that students will require throughout their degree. Students will be introduced to the tools required to search and evaluate academic literature relevant to their studies, the philosophical constructs around which geographical knowledge is based, and how to effectively communicate using approaches that they will encounter during their degrees, such as essay writing, report writing, posters and presentations.CorePeople, Places, Patterns and Processes 2025-26GEO1007MLevel 42025-26Certain forces are shaping the structure of human populations and societies in the 21st century. The aim of this module is to help students gain foundational understanding of these different forces as well as their effects on human population structure. Students will get an opportunity to explore different aspects of population dynamics across developed and developing societies. From this quantitative starting point, students will be progressed into qualitative exploration of different place identities and attachments, cultural changes, and representations of places at a global scale. Teaching sessions will focus on people, their individual and collective characteristics, spatial distributions, and the undercurrents that account for these spatial patterns. In a broad sense, the module reflects the diversity of geography and it is closely aligned to spatial demography. Consequently, in addition to gaining insights into theoretical basis of population geography, students will also be exposed to the technical foundations of demographic data analysis through hands-on software training.CoreSocial & Environmental Justice: A Field Perspective 2025-26GEO1011Level 42025-26This module uses the “laboratory” of the local environment to study global issues related to social and environmental justice within the University’s “local to global” remit. Local fieldwork introduces students to contemporary issues in the social and natural environment through in-depth studies. We visit three nearby environments: the urban, rural and coastal, and will study environmental hazards, social-economic geographies and ecosystem sustainability, as well as the interactions between these processes.CoreSustainable Environments & Ecosystems 2025-26GEO1001MLevel 42025-26The aim of this module is to introduce students to the links between ecosystems and human health. The module focuses heavily on the role of human activities in changing ecosystems, covering aspects of human impacts on ecosystems as well as policy and regulatory actions to improve and safeguard vital ecosystems. Impacts are assessed in terms of both human and wider environmental factors such as quality of life and access to safe and healthy resources as well as biodiversity, landscape assets and climate resilience. Local and global case studies will be drawn to assess issues such as the sustainable design of built environments, sustainable approaches to waste management and threats linked to overconsumption of natural resources and excess pollution. By exploring a range of relevant case studies we will question assumptions about environmental/ecosystem interactions and equip students with the necessary critical knowledge and overview for deriving real-world solutions to a representative range of current environmental problems.CoreThe Earth System: Processes & Hazards 2025-26GEO1003MLevel 42025-26The aim of this module is to provide an introduction to the general principles of physical geography for students with diverse backgrounds. Using a systems-based approach to physical geography, four environmental systems will be examined: geosphere, cryosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere. The final part of the module will consider the interactions between physical systems and also the causes and consequences of system change, such as climate change, over time and space. The occurrence and impacts of some key natural hazards (earthquakes, volcanoes, floods and droughts) will also be considered, which will facilitate an improved appreciation of the safety and health of the environment.CoreDevelopment Studies & the Global South 2026-27GEH2004MLevel 52026-27This module is about the challenges for economic development in the Global South. Such challenges cannot be studied in isolation so the key issues are examined from the perspective of an increasing pace of globalisation. This leads us to assess the role of political and corporate actors at the global scale as well as issues relating to local actors, resources and natural environments. The module begins with a critical introduction to core theories of international development and evidence of different measures of inequality before more contemporary theories relating to urban growth, demographic change, technology and new industrial systems are applied to deepen understanding of the processes that perpetuate global inequality. As well as global systems, new opportunities for locally embedded growth in the form of local business development, tourism and technology-based opportunities will be explored. Finally, the added vulnerability associated with wars, natural disasters and new geopolitics are considered in relation to the development potential of different regions of the Global South.CoreEarth Observation, Modelling & Visualisation: Representing Reality & Understanding Change 2026-27GEO2002MLevel 52026-27The ability to model the behaviour of natural and human systems, and their interaction, is an increasingly vital tool in understanding both these systems and the consequence of changes such as population growth or climate change; it is therefore essential for assessing the safety and health of the inhabited Earth. This module uses lectures and computer practicals to introduce the numerical modelling of geographical processes and systems. The science and art of model formulation, construction, and testing will be covered in detail. Students will use a number of specially-written models from various areas of physical and human geography.CoreGeographical Data Analysis Methods 2026-27GEO2003MLevel 52026-27This module equips students with highly employable data analysis skills which they will use both in their studies and their careers beyond. Students will learn from a lectures series and accompanying practical classes. As part of the module students will deliver a project related to real-world geographical problems.CoreHazards & Society: Views from the Field 2026-27GEO2008Level 52026-27Modern societal development has created new exposures and risks to such hazards that are not fully understood, or may be perceived in different ways – even within the same community. Such vulnerabilities are often only brought into view in the aftermath of a disaster, when losses of life, capital and livelihoods have already occurred, making it vital to assess the physical and social dimensions of hazards in order to increase preparedness. This module is focused around a field-week that will explore the theme of hazards and their relationship to society from both an environmental and human standpoint. This interdisciplinary perspective on hazards and society will offer new insights into the challenges facing contemporary societies in a specific region, while also providing insight into the opportunities offered by geographical research. An overriding aim of the module is to understand how various forms of geographical knowledge can better prepare us for the challenges of environmental hazards and global change more broadly. The aim of this module is to provide experience in practising ‘real’ geography through field exercises, data collection and interpretation, and presentation of data. The field course in this module will strengthen students’ ability to identify research problems, design and execute data collection strategies, and present well-reasoned and coherent interpretations of findings.CoreHuman Geography Theory and Research 2026-27GEH2012MLevel 52026-27Independent research is a valuable skill in geography and prized by employers. In this module you learn how to conduct independent research by undertaking a series of research projects including using social laboratory techniques. These will teach you the theory and philosophy behind human geographical research as well as its practical application. By the end of the module you will build and interrogate your own datasets to develop your own understanding of a social geographical problem.CoreHuman Impacts on the Environment 2026-27GEO2001MLevel 52026-27This module uses the concepts surrounding environmental health to introduce students to a wide range of critical environmental issues facing the world today. Using a range of global and regional environmental problems, incorporating case studies on climate change, natural resources, land-use change and agriculture, pollution, degradation and threats to environments, ecosystems, and society. Students will critically explore the causes, consequences, and impacts of humans on environmental health issues, as well as learn how to question assumptions about the underlying processes.CoreBiogeography & Planetary Health 2026-27GEO2006MLevel 52026-27This module introduces the key concepts of biogeography and planetary health. The aim of the module is to develop students’ understanding of the impacts of climatic- and human-induced changes on the distribution and functioning of biomes and terrestrial ecosystems. The module consists of three broad themes. The first theme consists of an introduction to the course and examples of human and climate-induced change from a local to global context. The second part covers the techniques that are used to monitor and quantify ecosystem health and predict changes in current ecosystem patterns. The final theme of the module covers the implication of these changes and strategies to mitigate or cope with these changes.OptionalPlacement (Level 2) 2026-27GEO2007MLevel 52026-27The Level 2 placement provides students with the opportunity to develop their professional skills by spending one day a week along the semester with a relevant local employer. Tasks will be developed to give the student an insight into the professional working environment in the wider field of geography. Students will then prepare an essay on their professional learning experience, with reflections on how elements of the Geography syllabus relate to at least one core area of their work experience. The Department of Geography works with an established network of local employers that offer placements on regular basis, and an experienced Placement Officer who can help students find a relevant organisation for their placement.OptionalSoG International Study Year 2026-27GEH2011MLevel 52026-27The School believes that an option to study overseas is a valuable educational opportunity for our students. Provision of this option supports the educational aims of the School of Geography and enhances the distinctiveness of its degrees at Lincoln. The optional year is intended to: - enable students to benefit from studying within a cross cultural environment; - expose students to a wider academic and cultural experience; - enhance their future employment opportunities; - by increasing their cultural and professional mobility. This module is optional for students within the School. Study Abroad is a year long module which enables students to spend a year studying abroad at one of the University’s approved partner institutions. Eligible students must have completed their second year of study to a satisfactory standard and successfully completed the application process for the year abroad. During the year spent abroad, students share classes with local students and study on a suite of locally-delivered taught modules which have been approved in advance by the University. Upon their return, as part of the assessment for this modules, students are required to critically reflect upon their experience of living and studying in a different cultural environment and the skills acquired.OptionalSoG Work Placement Year 2026-27GEH2050Level 52026-27OptionalRural Geography 2027-28GEH3008MLevel 62027-28The aim of this module is to apply learning about economic and social development processes to the rural environment in order to understand contemporary challenges faced by rural places in the global north. Demographic changes and the effects of ageing, gentrification and counterurbanisation are explored in a range of European and North American contexts. The role of demographic change influencing economic, social and political change is a core feature of this module. Building on the first year core module Challenges of Rural and Urban Living, more detailed analysis of the changing composition of rural economies focuses heavily on rural enterprises and social innovation across a diverse range of non-agricultural activities. The module develops concepts from social, cultural and economic geography covered at level two, including the role of power in shaping rural places, the economic development trajectories of rural regions and issues of social inequalities governance and local planning. Students are encouraged to think about rural places as part of an interdependent urban-rural system but also to identify specific patterns of change, opportunities and challenges that are embedded within rural places. Such perspectives are integral to a contemporary approach to addressing the health and sustainability of rural communities and their economies and can equip students with the knowledge to succeed in a rural environment, whether in business, policy-making or an increasing range of third-sector and community-based activities.CoreClimate Change: Processes, Politics & Policy 2027-28GEO3002MLevel 62027-28This module examines the physical, social and political characteristics, and the physical causes, of natural and anthropogenic climate change. These key themes will be explored in terms of how society has responded to the physical processes and impacts of climate.CoreEnvironmental Management 2027-28GEO3005MLevel 62027-28This module examines a range of interdisciplinary environmental management techniques that are used to address critical environmental, human and planetary health issues. Students will gain an understanding of the most appropriate techniques and solutions using a range of global, regional and local environmental case studies. There is a strong emphasis on practice-based skills with guest lectures from practitioners in the field, practical and seminar classes. An innovative assessment will give students the opportunity to be involved in actively influencing sustainable behaviour in the younger generation and giving them a chance to become the ‘teacher’. This approach is especially useful in the third year as it exposes students to a wide range of career options in environmental science management and policy/regulation.CoreGeography Dissertation 2027-28GEO3001MLevel 62027-28The Dissertation is an extended piece of original research work on a geographical topic of students' own choice that is carried out under the guidance of a staff mentor. It allows students to draw together and build on the skills and subject expertise they have developed throughout their time at University. Students will be expected to either collect original material for investigation and/or to carry out original analysis of secondary data. Students' allocated supervisor will guide and advise them in their work.CoreGlobal Processes, Global Margins 2027-28GEH3014Level 62027-28No matter who or where we are, our everyday lives and where we live them are shaped by uneven processes related to the production and governance of differentiated populations: racial capitalism, settler and post-colonialism, bordering regimes, planetary urbanism, neoliberal governance, etc. These global processes are both deeply complex and deeply connected, yet work to produce socio-spatial inequalities, marginalisation, displacements, social violence, political and social movements and mobilities. If we are to address ongoing social injustices, we need to understand and examine how global population processes emerge, function and relate to each other. This module critiques and evaluates global population processes through investigating their enactions in space and time and the application of relevant critical theories.CoreEnvironmental Histories of the New & Old World 2027-28GEH3003MLevel 62027-28How has the environment shaped human history? How did past societies adapt to environmental changes? What was the impact of colonialism on local to global processes of environmental change? What lessons does the past hold for our present environmental challenges? These are some of the key questions that this module will address by using the ‘laboratory’ of the past. Case studies will be drawn from across the globe and across different time periods to facilitate an analytical and comparative view of human-environment interactions, equipping students with critical and deep understanding of humanity’s entanglements with the environment.OptionalGeographies of Health & Wellbeing 2027-28GEH3007MLevel 62027-28This module addresses issues of uneven health and wellbeing at both local and global scales. As well as applying a range of indicators to assess the spread of different health inequalities, the different interpretations and implications of “wellbeing” and “health” inequalities are debated. Examples are drawn from the developed and less developed worlds. In the Global North these include challenges of poor health resulting from over-population and resource scarcity as well as attempts to manage disease and improve healthcare provision. In the Global South, particular emphasis is given to famine and food security issues.OptionalOverseas Fieldwork 2027-28GEO3004MLevel 62027-28This module will put into practice knowledge gained in previous modules, and - by focusing on the physical and human processes that have shaped the environment and will influence future change - it will provide experience of process interpretation and understanding in an unfamiliar setting. The module is designed to allow students to work within an overseas environment and carry out a study that will result in the design, implementation, and production of a research report that is mainly based on student-led fieldwork. Introductory lecture sessions will take place in Lincoln prior to fieldwork. Knowledge and understanding on the actual field class can be gained via enquiry-based learning, followed by group/individual data collection and follow-up analysis, set in the context of wider research, and student-centred research presentations. Follow-up sessions will provide the opportunity to analyse and create a written presentation of research findings. Currently, the Overseas fieldwork module takes place in Chile, although this is subject to change. Students who choose to participate in the optional field trip are responsible for covering their travel to the site.OptionalPlacement (Level 3) 2027-28GEO3003MLevel 62027-28On this placement, students are expected to carry out a specific project for an external organisation. The project would be agreed between the Host Organisation, School of Geography Supervisor and Student prior to the commencement of the placement. The student would be expected to undertake a specific project task to address a particular requirement of the Host Organisation. This might include consultancy research, analytical research, public engagement or the development of a new teaching class/activity. The approach, outcome and an evaluation of the project should be presented in the form of a professional report and oral presentation.Optional

What You Need to Know

We want you to have all the information you need to make an informed decision on where and what you want to study. In addition to the information provided on this course page, our What You Need to Know page offers explanations on key topics including programme validation/revalidation, additional costs, contact hours, and our return to face-to-face teaching.

How you are assessed

Students are able to develop workplace-relevant skills through a diverse range of assessments including reports, policy briefs, short and long essays, presentations, blogs, field diaries, and podcasts, alongside in-class tests and examinations. Group and individual assessments are used throughout the programme.

Students are given feedback in all of their assessments which are graded using pre-defined marking criteria available to all students. The Department of Geography provides individual and small group support to students through our tutorial system and scheduled 'open office hours'.

Accreditation

This programme has been accredited by the Royal Geographical Society (with IBG). Accredited degree programmes must contain a solid academic foundation in geographical knowledge and skills, and prepare graduates to address the needs of the world beyond higher education. The accreditation criteria require evidence that graduates from accredited programmes meet defined sets of learning outcomes, including subject knowledge, technical ability, and transferable skills.

Royal Geographical Society with IBG Accredited Programme

Fieldwork

Our students benefit from a wide range of fieldwork destinations both in the UK and overseas to support the development of key skills in gathering, collating, and analysing quantitative and qualitative data. In the first and second-year, fieldwork is a core subject and has been previously conducted at the coast of Lincolnshire and the Greek island of Crete. Costs of these compulsory trips are covered by the University. In the third year, we offer an optional trip that in previous years took place in central and southern Chile, and should students choose to participate, they may be responsible for covering their travel, accommodation, and general living costs.

This course allowed me to explore my interests in environmental geography and helped me to specialise my focus towards environmentalism and climate change action and governance.

Learn From Experts

Research is essential in informing our teaching and each of our academics is passionate about research. The College of Health and Science hosts the Lincoln Centre for Water and Planetary Health (LCWPH), and the Development, Inequality, Resilience and Environments (DIRE), Lincoln Climate, and Catchments and Coasts (CCRG) research groups.

Our students have the chance to encounter authentic research at all levels  either through their own activities or through the teaching staff sharing experiences from their own research. Wider opportunities to engage in research are provided through guest lectures within the course, working closely with the Lincoln branch of the Geographical Association externally, and engaging in research projects with staff. Two students have already completed UROS projects with the Department of Geography.

Explore Our Expertise

Geography is an ideal subject to study for understanding how to address major environmental and social challenges such as the climate crisis, and also for picking up vital work skills.

Placements

The Department of Geography offers opportunities to gain valuable work experience with partners in industry, schools, and public sector organisations. These include a placement module in the second year and a consultancy module in the third year, enabling students to practice and develop a wide range of skills and expertise of relevance to the workplace whilst also building invaluable career networks. The Department works with a dedicated placement officer to support students in placement and consultancy opportunities.

Students can also elect to work for a full year placement as part of a sandwich year programme. A Placement Year Fee is payable to the University of Lincoln during this year for students joining in 2025/26 and beyond. Students are expected to cover their own travel, accommodation, and living costs. 

We also have exchange agreements with selected overseas universities to enable students to spend a full year study abroad as part of their degree. A Study Abroad Tuition Fee is payable to the University of Lincoln during this year for students joining in 2025/26 and beyond. No extra tuition fee is payable to the host university, but students are expected to cover their own travel, accommodation, and living costs. 

From the first year, there may be opportunities to attend lectures from people whose careers are built on geographical skills and knowledge. The Department of Geography also works closely with the University Careers and Employability Team to promote the Lincoln Award, an initiative designed to enhance employability skills. 

What Can I Do with a Geography Degree?

Geography graduates are in high demand across a wide range of professions and organisations. Our graduates can progress onto careers in areas including local government, health and social care planning, urban planning, teaching, environmental consultancy, and environmental management. The Department's links with industry, business, and environmental regulatory agencies provide valuable opportunities for internships and work experience. 

Entry Requirements 2025-26

United Kingdom

104 UCAS Tariff points from a minimum of 2 A Levels or equivalent qualifications to include 40 points in Geography or a related subject. History, English, Economics, Environmental Science, Sociology, a modern Language, Psychology, Mathematics or Biology are accepted.

BTEC Extended Diploma in Geography or related subjects: Distinction, Merit, Merit.
Applied Science, Computing, Engineering, Environmental Sustainability, Information Technology, Pharmaceutical Science are accepted.

T Level in Science, Agriculture, Land Management and Production are accepted: Merit

Access to Higher Education Diploma: 45 Level 3 credits with a minimum of 104 UCAS Tariff points, including 40 points from 15 credits in Geography or a related subject from the fields of History, Philosophy, Theology, Languages, Literature, Culture, or Social Sciences.

International Baccalaureate: 28 points overall to include Higher Level 5 in Geography or related subject (from the fields of the Arts, studies in Language and Literature or Individuals and Societies)

GCSE's: Minimum of three at grade 4 or above, which must include English and Maths. Equivalent Level 2 qualifications may also be considered.


The University accepts a wide range of qualifications as the basis for entry and do accept a combination of qualifications which may include A Levels, BTECs, EPQ etc.

We may also consider applicants with extensive and relevant work experience and will give special individual consideration to those who do not meet the standard entry qualifications.

International

Non UK Qualifications:

If you have studied outside of the UK, and are unsure whether your qualification meets the above requirements, please visit our country pages for information on equivalent qualifications.

https://www.lincoln.ac.uk/studywithus/internationalstudents/entryrequirementsandyourcountry/

EU and Overseas students will be required to demonstrate English language proficiency equivalent to IELTS 6.0 overall, with a minimum of 5.5 in each element. For information regarding other English language qualifications we accept, please visit the English Requirements page.

https://www.lincoln.ac.uk/studywithus/internationalstudents/englishlanguagerequirementsandsupport/englishlanguagerequirements/

If you do not meet the above IELTS requirements, you may be able to take part in one of our Pre-sessional English and Academic Study Skills courses.

https://www.lincoln.ac.uk/studywithus/internationalstudents/englishlanguagerequirementsandsupport/pre-sessionalenglishandacademicstudyskills/

If you would like further information about entry requirements, or would like to discuss whether the qualifications you are currently studying are acceptable, please contact the Admissions team on 01522 886097, or email admissions@lincoln.ac.uk

Contextual Offers

At Lincoln, we recognise that not everybody has had the same advice and support to help them get to higher education. Contextual offers are one of the ways we remove the barriers to higher education, ensuring that we have fair access for all students regardless of background and personal experiences. For more information, including eligibility criteria, visit our Offer Guide pages. If you are applying to a course that has any subject specific requirements, these will still need to be achieved as part of the standard entry criteria.

Fees and Scholarships

Going to university is a life-changing step and it's important to understand the costs involved and the funding options available before you start. A full breakdown of the fees associated with this programme can be found on our course fees pages.

Course Fees

For eligible undergraduate students going to university for the first time, scholarships and bursaries are available to help cover costs. To help support students from outside of the UK, we are also delighted to offer a number of international scholarships which range from £1,000 up to the value of 50 per cent of tuition fees. For full details and information about eligibility, visit our scholarships and bursaries pages.

Find out More by Visiting Us

The best way to find out what it is really like to live and learn at Lincoln is to visit us in person. We offer a range of opportunities across the year to help you to get a real feel for what it might be like to study here.

Book Your Place
Three students walking together on campus in the sunshine
The University intends to provide its courses as outlined in these pages, although the University may make changes in accordance with the Student Admissions Terms and Conditions.